Table 4 Stable isotopes of invertebrates and fish studied (mean  ‰ ± standard deviation) in the Pangani estuary

Bivalves

–

–

− 18.1 ± 1.2 (5)

8.9 ± 0.5 (5)

− 16.8 ± 0.3 (4)

8.6 ± 0.5 (4)

Gastropods

− 20.1 ± 2.3 (6)

7.0 ± 1.1 (6)

− 18.2 ± 2.4 (3)

6.7 ± 0.3(3)

− 17.3 (2)

6.4 (2)

Amphipods

–

–

− 18.9 (2)

9.0 (2)

− 18.1 (2)

10.0 (2)

Isopods

− 20.9 (1)

8.5 (1)

− 19.6 (1)

8.4 (1)

− 18.4 (1)

7.8 (1)

Brachyura

− 19.6 ± 1.9 (7)

10.2 ± 0.5 (7)

− 18.6 ± 1.5 (9)

9.8 ± 0.8 (9)

− 18.5 ± 1.7 (8)

9.8 ± 0.6 (8)

Penaid and palaemonid shrimps

− 20.2 ± 1.1 (6)

10.5 ± 0.7 (6)

− 20.7 ± 0.8 (4)

10.6 ± 0.4 (4)

− 18.9 ± 0.5 (5)

10.4 ± 0.6 (5)

Clupeids

− 17.8 ± 0.6 (19)

10.8 ± 0.4 (19)

− 17.8 ± 0.5 (20)

11.1 ± 0.7 (20)

− 17.6 ± 0.5 (20)

10.9 ± 0.5 (20)

Mugilids

− 23.2 ± 0.7 (20)

13.0 ± 0.5 (20)

− 22.8 ± 1.0 (22)

12.8 ± 0.7 (22)

− 22.3 ± 0.8 (22)

12.4 ± 0.8 (22)

C. chrysophrys

− 19.7 ± 0.9 (19)^a,*

13.5 ± 0.5 (19)^a,*

− 19.3 ± 1.1 (20)^ab,*

13.5 ± 0.5 (20)^a,*

− 18.9 ± 1.1 (19)^b,*

13.3 ± 0.5 (19)^a,*

E. malabaricus

− 19.1 ± 1.0 (21)^a,*

14.0 ± 0.9 (21)^a,**

− 18.8 ± 0.8 (19)^a,*

13.9 ± 0.6 (19)^a,**

− 17.5 ± 0.6 (20)^b,**

13.9 ± 0.4 (20)^a,**