Fig. 2

ART reduced the oxidative stress injury induced by MPP⁺. The level of intracellular ROS production was measured using a DCFH-DA fluorescent probe (a–d), and the fluorescence intensity was analyzed by ImageJ (e). The fluorescence intensity of the control group was set to 1, and the fluorescence intensity of the other groups was compared with that of the control group. ART increased the SOD activity (f) and GSH production (g) and decreased the MDA production (h) compared with MPP⁺. Scale bar = 100 μm. The results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5), ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001 vs. control; ^#p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 vs. MPP⁺