Fig. 3

ART alleviated the MPP⁺-induced mitochondrial damage. In the JC-1 staining data, red fluorescence represents JC-1 aggregates and indicates that the MMP is normal, and green fluorescence represents JC-1 monomers and indicates that the MMP is decreased (a). The ratio of red fluorescence intensity to green fluorescence intensity was analyzed by ImageJ (b). The results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5), Scale bar = 50 μm. ^***p < 0.001 vs. control; ^##p < 0.01 vs. MPP⁺