Table 1 An outline of the prospective clinical applications of salivary proteomics in a large spectrum of human diseases

Oral diseases

 Periodontitis

[39]

MMP-8

Correlation with the severity of periodontitis

 Periodontitis

[40]

Apolipoprotein H

Discriminatory factor for chronic and aggressive periodontitis

 Periodontitis

[41]

Trappin-2 and cytokine IL-1β

Anti-protease/proinflammatory cytokine imbalance

 Periodontitis

[42]

S100A8 and S100A9

Candidate biomarkers for periodontitis

 Periodontitis

[43]

ANXA1

Potential early biomarker for gingival inflammation during pregnancy

 Periodontitis

[44]

HGF

Positive correlation with periodontitis progression and smoking habits, and monitoring response to therapy

 Periodontitis

[45]

VIP and NPY

Potential gender-specific salivary biomarkers for periodontitis

Oral cancer

 OSCC

[49]

Complement proteins, CFB, C3, C4B

Predictive biomarkers related to risk of development OSCC

 OSCC

[49]

SERPINA1 and LRG1

Predictive biomarkers related to risk of development OSCC

 OSCC

[50]

SERPINA1, CFH, FGA

Potential salivary biomarkers for OSCC diagnosis

 OSCC

[51]

IARS, KARS, WARS, YARS

Elevated levels in tumour interstitial fluids

 OSCC

[51]

NID1

Potential OSCC biomarker

 OSCC

[53]

SLPI

Decreased in premalignant lesion and OSCC lesion tissues

 OSCC

[54]

SLC3A2, S100A2, IL1RN

Potential OSCC biomarkers

 OSCC

[55, 56, 58],

IL8, IL1beta, Resistin

Potential OSCC biomarkers

Other cancer types

 Gastric cancer

[59]

CSTB, TPI1, and DMBT1

Discriminatory biomarkers in cancer cases

 Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

[60]

α2-macroglobulin and ceruloplasmin

Upregulated

Autoimmune diseases

 cGVHD

[61]

Lactotransferrin lactoperoxidase

Reduced levels

 cGVHD

[61]

IL-1ra, cystatin B

Potential diagnostic biomarkers

 Sjogren’s syndrome (SS)

[62]

MUC5B and MUC7

Altered glycosylation and sulfation patterns

 Sjogren’s syndrome (SS)

[64]

Calcium-binding proteins, defence-response proteins, proteins involved in apoptotic regulation, stress- response proteins and cell motion- related proteins

Increased in SS patients

 Sjogren’s syndrome (SS)

[68]

S100A8/A9

Potential biomarkers for SS patients with lymphoma or at higher risk of lymphoma

 Sjogren’s syndrome (SS)

[69]

S100 proteins

Potential early biomarkers for primary SS

Other systemic diseases

 Systemic diseases and periodontitis

[72]

Visfatin

Putative biomarker for both

 Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes

[73]

Ferritin, hepcidin

Positive correlation between salivary and serum ferritin and low salivary hepcidin levels

 Multiple sclerosis

[71]

S-type cystatins

Altered glycosylation and oxidation levels

Infectious diseases

 Zika virus

[75]

Viral proteins

Saliva may be a repository for free Zika virus particles and infected cells

 Dengue virus

[76]

Anti-NS1 antibodies

Detected with comparable sensitivity in plasma and saliva

 HBV and HCV

[77]

C3, alpha(1)-acid and alpha(2)-acid glycoproteins, haptoglobin, serotransferrin, ceruloplasmin

Potential biomarkers

 HCC

[77]

Hemopexin, transthyretin, GADPH, alpha- enolase, and cystatin C

Their monitoring in saliva could substitute blood tests

Rare diseases

 SAPHO

[80]

S100A12

Potential biomarker

 Wilson disease

[81]

S100 A9 and S100 A8

Oxidation levels could monitor disease progression

Neurological diseases

 Autism spectrum disorders

[2]

Statherin, histatin 1, and acidic proline-rich proteins

Decreased levels

 Autism spectrum disorders

[2]

Prolactin-inducible protein, lactotransferrin, Ig kappa chain C region, Ig gamma- 1 chain C region, Ig lambda-2 chain C regions, neutrophil elastase, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and DMBT1

Elevated levels